Thể của động từ

Thể của động từ 

1. Thể chủ động

– Là cách đặt câu trong đó chủ ngữ đứng vai chủ động, chủ thể của hành động.

Ví dụ:

She learns Chinese at school

She bought a book.

2. Thể bị động

• Câu bị động được dùng khi muốn nhấn mạnh đến đối tượng chịu tác động của hành động hơn là bản thân hành động đó. Thời của động từ ở câu bị động phải tuân theo thời của động từ ở câu chủ động.

• Sau đây là bảng tóm tắt:

Thì 

Dạng bị động

The simple present tense 

Is/ am/are + P2

The present progressive tense 

Is/am /are + being + P2

The present perfect tense 

Have/has + been + P2

The simple past tense 

Were/was + P2

The past progressive tense

Were/was + being + P2

The past perfect tense 

Had + been + P2

The simple future tense 

Will + be + P2

The future progressive tense

Will + be + being + P2

The future perfect tense 

Will + have + been + P2

The near future tense 

Is/are/am + going to + be + P2

Chú ý: đối với vật chất gây trạng thái, dùng “with’ thay cho “by”

Ví dụ: Smoke filled the room → The room was filled with smoke.

Ví dụ:

She learns Chinese at school.

--> Chinese is learnt at school by her.

She bought a book.

-->A book was bought by her.

Hurricanes destroy a great of property each year.

-->A great of property is destroyed by hurricanes each year.

The tornado destroyed twenty houses.

-->Twenty houses were destroyed by the tornado.

They are cleaning the room at the moment.

--> The room is being cleaned at the moment (by them)

They were cleaning the room when I came yesterday.

–> The room was being cleaned when I came yesterday.

The company has ordered some new machines.

–> Some new machines have been ordered by the company.

Nam will give me a book tomorrow.

–> I will be given a book tomorrow (by Nam).

Chú ý: 

– Trong câu bị động, chúng ta có thể lược bỏ "by ....." (bởi ai đó)

– Nếu câu chủ động có hai tân ngữ (trực tiếp và gián tiếp), chúng ta có hai cách chuyển đổi:

Ví dụ: 

He gave me some apples.

–> I was given some apples.

–> Some apples were given to me.

Tuy nhiên, chúng ta ưu tiên cách chuyển đổi đưa tân ngữ chỉ người lên làm chủ ngữ trong câu bị động.

3. Một số dạng chuyển đổi từ chủ động sang bị động

3.1. Dạng bị động của động từ khuyết thiếu 

Somebody can/may/must/ought to/should/have to + do something

→ something can/may/must/ought to/ should/ have to + be + done

Ví dụ: We should keep the room tidy.

→ The room should be kept tidy.

He can do the task with great care.

→ The task can be done with great care by him.

3.2. 

Somebody + want/ like/expect + someone to do something

→ Somebody + want /like/expect + something + to be done

Ví dụ: The teacher wants us to prepare our lessons carefully.

→ The teacher wants our lessons to be prepared carefully.

They expected me to finish my work early.

→ they expected my work to be finished early.

3.3.

Somebody + agree/arrange/determind/decide + to do something

→ Somebody + agree/arange/determind/decide + that something + should be + done

Ví dụ: She decided to rebuild the house

→ She decided that the house should be rebuilt.

3.4. 

They/it + need(s) + doing → they/ it + need(s) + to be done

Ví dụ: The house needs cleaning → The house needs to be cleaned.

The chickens need feeding → The chickens need to be fed.

3. 5. 

Somebody + think/expect/believe/estimate/say/report + that + someone + do something

→ Cách 1: It is thought/expected/believed/estimated/said/reported that someone + do something 

→ Cách 2: Someone is thought/expected/believed/estimated/said/reported to do something

Ví dụ: People think he drives dangerously.

→ Cách 1: It’s thought that he drives dangerously.

→ Cách 2: He is thought to drive dangerously.

People think he is a good teacher.

→ It is thought that he is a good teacher. 

→ He is thought to be a good teacher.

3.6. 

Somebody + think/expect/believe/estimate/say/report + that + someone + did something

→ Cách 1: It is thought/expected/believed/estimated/said/reported that someone + did something 

→ Cách 2: Someone is thought/expected/believed/estimated/said/reported to have + done something

Ví dụ: People say he was a teacher.

→ It’s said that he was a teacher.

→ He is said to have been a teacher.

3.7. 

It’s your duty to do something 

→ You are supposed to do something (bổn phận của bạn là….)

Ví dụ: It’s your duty to lock all the doors.

→ You are supposed to lock all the doors.

3.8. 

Somebody + see/make/let + someone + do + something

→ Someone is seen/made + to do something

→ Someone is let + do something

Ví dụ: He made me stay outside yesterday

→ I was made to stay outside yesterday.

The teacher let us go home early last week.

→ We were let go home early last week.

3.9. 

Somebody + have + someone + do something

Somebody + get + someone + to do something

→ Somebody + have + something + done

Ví dụ: He had his waiter carry the luggage home

→ He had the luggage carried home by the waiter.

I got the postman to post the letter for me.

→ I had the letter posted for me by the postman.

3.10. 

Don’t do something → something musn’t be done

It’s impossible to do something → something can’t be done

It’s possible to do something → something can be done 

Ví dụ: Don’t touch this switch → This switch musn’t be touched 

It is impossible to do this → This can’t be done.

Bài tập 1: Chia động từ trong ngoặc theo dạng đúng (có thể ở bị động hoặc chủ động)

1. It’s a big factory. Five hundred people (employ) there.

2. Water (cover) most of the Earth’s surface.

3. Most of the Earth’s surface (cover) by water.

4. The park gates (lock) at 6.30 p.m every evening.

5. The letter (post) a week ago and it (arrive) yesterday.

6. The boat (sink) quickly but fortunately everybody (rescue).

7. Ron’s parents (die) when he was very young. He and his sister (bring) up by their grandparents.

8. I was born in London but I (grow) up in the north of England.

9. While I was on holiday, my camera (steal) from my hotel.

10. While I was on holiday, my camera (disappear) from my hotel room.

Bài tập 2: Chuyển các câu sau sang dạng bị động

1. They must do their task now.

2. He expected me to buy him a book.

3. They want him to invite them to the party.

4. They opened the road 10 years ago.

5. He can mend all chairs for you now.

6. We expected them to forgive us.

7. They allowed women to vote many years ago.

8. You should open the wine 3 hours before you use it.

9. They suggested making the test easier.

10. They think she is the most beautiful girl.

11. It’s your duty to make tea for the party.

12. They let their children go to the zoo last Sunday.

13. He had the neighbor mend the chair.

14. The walls need painting.

15. He made me clean all the plates last night.

16. Don’t close the door.

Xem đáp án

Bài 1:

1. are employed 

2. covers

3. is covered 

4. are locked

5. was posted, arrived 

6. sank, was rescued 

7. died, were brought 

8. grew

9. was stolen 

10. disappeared

Bài 2: 

1. Their task must be done now.

2. He expected to be bought a book.

3. They want to be invited to the party by them.

4. The road was opened 10 years ago.

5. All chairs can be mended for you now.

6. We expected to be forgiven by them.

7. Women were allowed to vote many years ago.

8. The wine should be opened 3 hours before it is used.

9. They suggested the test should be made easier.

10. She is thought to be the most beautiful girl.

11. You are supposed to make tea for the party.

12. Their children were let go to the zoo last Sunday.

13. They had the chair mended by the neighbor.

14. The walls need to be painted.

15. I was made to clean all the plates last night.

16. The door mustn’t be closed.